The History of The Incorporation of Goldsmiths  

Goldsmiths have worked in Edinburgh since at least the 12th century, offering a rich addition to the city’s history. By the late 15th century there were enough of them to have formed their own Incorporation, or trade body. The Incorporation controlled all aspects of its members' work, including admission to the craft, but most importantly the assaying and marking of their work. These marks—called hallmarks, as they were struck in the Goldsmith's own hall—guaranteed that their customers were buying wares made of gold or silver of the agreed legal standard of fineness.

From 1457, the Deacon, or leader of the craft, assayed and marked the members' wares, but in 1681 a separate Assay Master was appointed to oversee this task. The Incorporation's importance in the life of the city and country was confirmed in 1687 when King James VII granted it a Royal Charter. The Incorporation of Goldsmiths of the City of Edinburgh is believed to be the oldest surviving consumer protection organisation in Scotland.